The development of teeth is a process consisting of three stages: the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage. In each stage, there are several interactions between cells essential for the development of dental structures. After odontoblasts form the dentin in the bell stage, ameloblasts begin to create the enamel. Enamel formation (i.e. amelogenesis) is a process consisting of four consecutive phases. The presecretory phase is characterized by the differentiation of ameloblasts. In the secretory phase, ameloblasts create the organic matrix of enamel and the precursor crystals of hydroxyapatite. During the transition, the ameloblasts change and mature while regulating the mineralization processes. The formed enamel is composed of prisms within which hydroxyapatite crystals reside. The organic component of enamel is mainly composed of the amelogenin proteins. Disorders of the ameloblast function result in enamel hypoplasia or hypomineralization. The most well-known enamel mineralization disorders are molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH), dental fluorosis, and amelogenesis imperfecta (AI). MIH is a disorder of unknown etiology manifesting as discolorations, post-eruptive enamel breakdown, and functional and aesthetic problems. Treatment is focused on the prevention and restoration of resulting damage. Dental fluorosis results from chronic exposure of the body to fluorine during tooth germ development. Such enamel, often called mottled enamel, becomes porous due to the spots and shallow pits on homologous teeth. AI is a genetic disorder arising from mutations in the series of genes involved in amelogenesis. Depending on the affected stage of amelogenesis, four types of AI are distinguished based on the disorders of enamel structure and appearance. Since AI is often associated with malocclusions, therapy is multidisciplinary. The mentioned disorders are quite common in a dental practice, prompting research among dental staff. However, further advancements are needed for better diagnostic and therapeutic solutions.